Methylene Blue Benefits: Uses, and Risks Explained

Medically Reviewed by Larry Siegel, APRN

Once a textile dye, methylene blue is now a first-line treatment for a rare blood disorder. But in the wrong hands—it can both cause and cure the same disease, depending on how it’s used. When dosed correctly, though, studies are showing it might also become an antiviral, improve memory, and even help with wound healing.

Have you ever heard of methylene blue?

What Is Methylene Blue?

Methylene blue is a synthetic dye and chloride salt that’s most commonly used to treat methemoglobinemia—a condition where your blood can’t carry oxygen properly. Its salt form makes it effective as a dye, giving it a unique role in scientific research.

In medicine, it’s typically given intravenously to help turn methemoglobin back into regular hemoglobin, helping your blood carry oxygen like it should. While it’s mostly used for that, researchers are also looking at its potential benefits for brain health and supporting mitochondrial function.

It’s been around for a long time, first created as a dye, but now it’s still doing a lot of good in medical and scientific fields.

What are the Medical Uses of Methylene Blue?

Methylene blue might not be the flashiest treatment, but it’s a real workhorse in medicine. Originally used as a textile dye, it’s now a proven lifesaver for certain medical conditions. Here’s where it shines—and where it’s being studied for potential new applications.

Established Uses

Methemoglobinemia

This is methylene blue’s time to shine. It’s the first-line treatment for methemoglobinemia, a condition where hemoglobin in the blood can’t properly carry oxygen. Methylene blue converts the faulty hemoglobin back to its normal, oxygen-carrying form, restoring your body’s ability to breathe easy.

Ifosfamide Neurotoxicity

Ifosfamide, a chemotherapy drug, can sometimes cause harmful neurological side effects. Methylene blue steps in here, preventing or treating the neurotoxicity and protecting brain function during cancer treatment.

Potential Benefits Under Investigation

While methylene blue is well-established for some conditions, researchers are exploring whether its benefits extend further. Here’s what’s under the microscope:

Alzheimer’s Disease

Could methylene blue help fight memory loss? Early research says maybe. Studies suggest it might prevent the buildup of harmful proteins (like tau tangles) in the brain while reducing oxidative stress. Larger clinical trials are underway to determine if methylene blue can become a reliable treatment for Alzheimer’s.

Bipolar Disorder

Some small studies suggest methylene blue might help stabilize mood in people with bipolar disorder.

Antiviral Activity

Methylene blue might have antiviral properties. Early research has shown promise against viruses like HIV and even COVID-19. Its ability to disrupt viral replication is under investigation, and this could make it a key player in antiviral treatments down the line.

Wound Healing

Thanks to its antimicrobial properties, methylene blue is showing promise in wound care. It’s particularly effective against MRSA infections and might speed up recovery times for infected wounds.

Cancer Treatment

Methylene blue is being studied as part of photodynamic therapy, a treatment that uses light to activate cancer-killing agents. This research is still in its infancy, but it opens up exciting possibilities for using methylene blue in oncology.

What Are the Risks and Side Effects of Methylene Blue?

Methylene blue can be helpful in certain situations, but like anything, it comes with some potential side effects. Let’s break it down so you know what to watch out for.

Common Side Effects

Blue-green discoloration: Methylene blue can turn your urine, saliva, and sometimes even your poop a blue-green color. It’s harmless and temporary, but it can definitely grab your attention.
Gastrointestinal issues: You might experience nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or a bit of stomach pain. It usually goes away once the treatment is done.
Headaches and dizziness: If you start feeling lightheaded or have a headache, it’s probably related to the treatment.
Injection site irritation: If you’re getting methylene blue through an IV, it can cause some pain or irritation where the needle went in. Nothing too serious, but something to be aware of.

More Serious Side Effects

Methemoglobinemia: Ironically, high doses of methylene blue can cause methemoglobinemia—the very condition it’s supposed to treat. That’s why it’s important to get the dosing right.
Hemolytic anemia: This happens when red blood cells are destroyed too quickly, and it’s more common in people with a G6PD deficiency.
Serotonin syndrome: This is rare, but it’s serious. When methylene blue mixes with certain medications like antidepressants, it can cause serotonin syndrome. Watch out for symptoms like agitation, rapid heart rate, and tremors.
Allergic reactions: You could also have an allergic reaction, ranging from mild rashes to more serious issues like anaphylaxis.

Other Risks

Fetal harm: Methylene blue should not be used during pregnancy. It can harm the fetus, potentially causing birth defects or even fetal death.
Drug interactions: Methylene blue can interact with several medications, including antidepressants and blood thinners. If you’re on anything like that, definitely talk to your doctor before starting treatment.
Interference with medical tests: Methylene blue can mess with certain diagnostic tests, so make sure to tell your doctor if you’re about to have any tests done.

Minimizing Risks:

Tell your doctor everything: This one’s key. Always let your doctor know about any health conditions you have and what medications you’re taking. This will help them figure out the best approach for you.
Get the dosing right: The right dose makes all the difference. Your doctor will ensure you’re getting the proper amount for your condition.
Watch for side effects: Keep an eye out for any odd symptoms. If something doesn’t feel right, don’t hesitate to call your doctor.

Where Can You Get Methylene Blue?

Methylene blue is available in two main ways: through a prescription in medical settings and as a supplement in wellness circles.

Hospitals

When used for medical purposes, like treating methemoglobinemia or neurotoxicity, methylene blue is administered by a healthcare provider.

It’s given in controlled doses through an intravenous (IV) line or other prescribed methods. You won’t be able to just pick it up over the counter for these uses.

It’s strictly monitored in medical environments to ensure safety and effectiveness.

Wellness Circles

Outside of hospitals, you’ll find methylene blue sold as a supplement, often marketed for its potential cognitive benefits, memory support, and anti-aging claims.

It’s important to note, though, that these uses are still under investigation and not FDA-approved for such purposes. So, while you might come across bottles on online wellness stores or in health food shops, it’s crucial to approach this with caution.

Before using methylene blue outside of prescribed medical treatments, especially for self-directed wellness or cognitive enhancement, always check in with your doctor. Talk about potential risks, proper dosages, and any interactions with medications you’re already taking.

The benefits in wellness and cognitive health haven’t been fully proven, so a professional’s advice is critical before adding methylene blue to your regimen.

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What Is Methylene Blue? Benefits, Uses, and Potential Risks